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Frederick P. Stutz & Anthony R. de Souza: The World Economy:
Resources, Location, Trade, and Development (3rd ed.), Prentice Hall 1998

Chapter 7: Cities as Retail and Service Centers (p.307)

(http://faculty.washington.edu/krumme/207/stutz/7.html)

• Hierarchy of centers (p.308)
• Central place theory "deals with relationships between market centers and consumers within regions"
• Central Places and Their Hinterlands (p.308)
  • Locational Patterns of Cities
    • Harris & Ullman (1954):
      • transport centers (break-of-bulk services)
      • centralized function centers (steel cities in Pennsylvania or the Ruhr)
      • central places
  • Cities and Trade (p.309)
  • Hinterlands
  • Law of Retail Gravitation vs. Choice Models (p.310)
    • David Huff's Model (1963)
• The Questions or Central-Place Theory (p.311)
  • Introduction
    • Four Questions asked:
      1. How many cities (or central places) will develop?
      2. Why are some cities larger than others?
      3. Where will the cities locate?
      4. What will be the size of each city's trade area"?
    • Major Assumptions of the Model:
      1. Isotropic surface & uniform frictions of space in all directions and distances (=uniform transport costs)
      2. Uniform distribution of demand
      3. Cities depend totally on trade
      4. Producers and consumers "optimize" ('homo oeconomicus')
      5. Uniform costs of inputs
      6. No externalities ("one-stop shopping")
  • Threshold and Range (p.311)
    • threshold of a good
    • range of a good
  • Order of a Good and a Center ("low-order goods"; "high-order goods")
  • Emergence of a Central-Place Hierarchy (p.312)
    • "hierarchical marginal good" (highest-order good offered at a center at any given level in the hierarchy)
  • A Rectangular Central Place Model (p.313)
  • A Hexagonal Central Place Model (p.315)
    • Walter Christaller (1933, English translation: 1966)
    • The marketing principle (k3)
    • The Traffic Principle (k4) (p.316)
    • The Administrative Principle
  • Southern Germany

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• Wholesaling and the Mercantile Model of Settlement (p.317)
• Evidence in Support of Central-Place Theory (p.319)
  • Upper Midwest Trade Centers
  • Hierarchy of Business Centers (John Borchert, 1963)
  • Central Place Patterns (p.320)
  • Dispersed Cities (p.321)
  • High-order Central Places
  • Rank-Size Rule (p.322)
  • Structural Elements of the Central Place Hierarchy (p.323)
  • Consumer Travel as a Mirror of the Hierarchy (p.325)
  • Space Preference Structures (Gerard Rushton, 1969) (p.326)
• Cross-Cultural Patterns (p.329)
  • Cultural Differences in Consumer Travel
  • Periodic Markets
    • G.William Skinner's research in rural China (p.330)
    • "interlocking network of exchange places"
    • the higher the population density, "the greater the aggregate demand, and the greater the frequency with which the market can operate". (p.331)
    • add: examples of Western & modern patterns of market periodicities
• Planning Uses of Central Place Theory (p.331)
  • New Central Places in the Netherlands
    • Zuider Zee reclamation scheme [More!]
  • Market Area Analysis (p.332) [Change this heading to "Accessibility"]
    • Accessibility
    • Verignon Frame
    • "fair location from the standpoint of social justice"
    • "welfare function of a consumer service"
    • quality of life and accessibility
    • "social goods"
• World Cities (p.333)
  • Industrial Restructuring and the Urban Hierarchy
  • The U.S. Urban Hierarchy
    • Corporate headquarters, corporate services & banking (333-4)
      New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles & Chicago
  • The World Economy's World Cities
    • Website: http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/radar/sircxsar/cities.html [City Descriptions]

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• Smart Cities (p.335)
  • Selected Websites:
    • California Institute for Smart Communities
    • Smart Communities (Canada)
    • Smart Communities Research Project [La Jolla Institute]
  • The Coming Digital Revolution (p.336)
  • The New Shape of Competition
  • Smart Community Architecture (p.337) Primary elements:
    1. Infrastructure
    2. Access points
    3. Applications
  • Community-Based Applications
  • Government
  • Business
    • Fortune 500
    • Corporate Websites
    • Telework centers [Telework/ Life Styles (Resources)]
  • Education [Resources]
  • Health Care [Tele-Medicine]
  • Networked Communities
    • Access:
      • Information Kiosks (p.339)
      • Freenets
      • "Digital Divide" [Resources]
      • "City Government Web Sites Improve but Rely More Heavily on User Fees"
      • City of Seattle [formerly: Seattle Public Access Network (PAN)] (p.340)
    • Tele-Democracy [Resources
• Summary (p.340)
• Key Terms
• Suggested Readings
• WWW Sites

Supporting & Related Pages:

• Geog 207 texts
• Stutz Book
• Weekly Agendas